So if you want the correct answer by using this scratch test, its safer to use different parts of the tree. These trees grow to be very large as well. (Keeping a regular pruning schedule during the dormant season will keep your trees healthy and strong.) What Are The Differences Between Plants Nutrients, How to Identify and Treat Sycamore Problems | Stewarts Lawn (stewartslawn.com). Spores from the fungus can be spread by rain and wind. Because emerald ash borers can compromise the physical structure of the tree, a professional should handle the trees treatment or removal. The leaves are brown and dry, and the branches are brittle and falling off. Whatever the situation, contact a professional arborist near you who can advise on your specific sycamore tree and give you next steps! You may be able tosave the treeby watering the bare spot and taping the tree bark back on until it re-attaches. Cold temperatures in winter may injure the cork cambium and cause the tree to shed its outer bark. Plan the perfect garden with our interactive tool , Clemson Cooperative Extension; Sycamore Diseases & Insect Pests; Marjan Kluepfel, et al. This is a particularly hot topic with deliveries during the pandemic: Limbs struck once a week now may get hit four to five times a day. They can get up to 100ft tall! Furthermore, youll probably be able to ask for a nice discount to boot! What is Sycamore poisoning in horses and how can I help? This growth rate often generates several issues to the land, soil, and plant life in the area. Fungicide protects your sycamore from anthracnose. Your email address will not be published. The government has stated some laws regarding an unhealthy tree that is close to the property. Using a pencil, poke a hole into this soil. They have large leaves and a thick trunk. Human skin problems provide clues about underlying illnesses, just like the condition of tree bark can point to tree disease. It's a pretty straight trunk up to where it begins to branch out at ~20'. Thats called dieback, says Lou Meyer, arborist with The Davey Tree Expert Company. Platanus occidentalis L. University of Kentucky. Odd growth patterns may indicate general weakness or structural imbalance, Schaefer explains. However, there are some steps you can take to try and revive your tree. How To Use A Grapefruit Knife? Its massive trunk carries branches that can spread as wide as the tree is tall. But with assessment and treatment, you may keep the trees healthy parts going and extend the trees life. It occurs from vehicles driving up against it or a lawnmower hitting it over time. As the tree and the bark continue to grow, the older bark pushes outwards. It could be because of many problems with the tree. Any time a tree is completely leafless during spring or summer, you can be sure its dead. If that is the situation or the tree is large, hire a professional who has the correct equipment to remove the tree. 4 Superb Guides To Use It, Why Do Almonds Need So Much Water? Sycamores are deciduous trees, meaning they lose their leaves every fall before going dormant for the winter. Large and stately, the sycamore grows fast and can exceed 100 feet. It shows up as black spots on the needles, or even as dieback. Sometimes trees dont show scorching, browning or drooping leaves or branches immediately, but they show up next year or the year after that, especially on bigger trees.. If your trees branches break easily and you notice dead branches littering the ground after windy weather, you should have your trees safety evaluated ASAP. Yes, trees can die from the bottom up. As the tree is dying, the bark becomes loose and starts to fall off of a dying tree. Make sure you measure to the nearest centimetre. How Do You Bring a Dying Tree Back to Life? Spread the mulch out to the edge of the tree line and then wrap burlap around the tree when the snow starts to fall. A couple of dead branches or dead wood doesnt necessarily mean you have a dying tree. Sycamores are also prone to ant attacks, which cause ingrown bark pockets and reduce the quality of the wood. These signs could be due to a lack of adequate nutrients and may lead to shedding away of bark, which subsequently leads to the trees death. How leaves shed is determined by the season, so its abnormal for leaves to fall off the tree in the season. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Therefore, there will be cracks on the trunk, which means the inner tissues of the tree are greatly destroyed. Whether you are making space in your yard for a new project or the sycamores on your land are causing issues, we hope you feel more confident in your abilities. You want the root flare at the bottom just above grade so you can see that swelling at the base, Nelson says. Use your fingernails or a pair of pliers to pull off the patches that have come loose during the winter months before new growth begins in the spring. If many branches are dead, the tree is likely dying. Here are the steps to tell if a tree is dead or dying. But when its supposed green color looks dull, its dying, but when it is brown, then its finally deadwood. Call a tree service or arborist to help save your tree, Inspect the tree for signs of disease or pests, Monitor the tree closely for any further signs of decline. Such a tree needs urgent attention as it may cause disaster to people and property. In time, decay will extend further within the tree leading to structural problems, Schaefer says. Additionally, deadwood can be known when the tree part is breaking easily and dry as well. However, recently many sycamores get used in intensively cultured biomass farms in the Southeastern United States. Its not always easy to tell if your sycamore tree is dyingits signs may be subtle, and you might spot them only after the fact. The first step is to assess the tree and try to determine the cause of stress. Well, you may want to consider taking some radical measures. Sycamore Anthracnose: A Nasty Tree Fungus Your sycamore tree is particularly susceptible to anthracnose a fungus that turns leaves black and brown in summer. Most importantly, if you see signs of a dying tree, dont panic. Sycamore trees are dying for a number of reasons. Your email address will not be published. Frost damage is nothing to worry about; it turns the entire leaf brown, but the problem passes as new leaves form. These trees are also highly susceptible to bug infestation and fungal diseases like anthracnose. Its massive. For instance, the western red cedar portrays temporary signs of sickness during the regular annual cycle. Also, if you notice scanty leaves on the tree branches in the season, it should be full of leaves, know that its getting rotten inside. There are eight known species of sycamore trees, all belonging to the plane-tree family. If a spring season is especially wet, black spots or lesions may appear on a trees leaves. The leaves in the tree are also vital in indicating if it is dead or dying. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. You should cut down your sycamore tree if it is too large, attracting pests, growing fungi, or the tree is dying. Three of these species are U.S. natives. If so, there are few methods to try to save the tree. Think about that boulevard tree someone backed into trying to park, or the UPS truck repeatedly striking a branch as it makes deliveries down the street. If the limb is flexible and bends, all is well. Some of the damage caused by these fungi include leaf scorch, leaf shed, branch and twig dieback, and the formation of lethal cankers. A tree can die as a result of improper or inadequate water mix and nutrients. Sycamores are vulnerable to anthracnose, which causes brown spots on the leaves and lesions on the twigs. (2021). Scorched leaves curl up. Your sycamore tree is dropping leaves in the middle of the summer or prematurely. These are symptoms of Bacterial Leaf Scorch. And tree damage is a frequent cause of homeowners having to redo their roofing. In most cases, this is a natural process that occurs at the end of the growing season. Their large leaves take years to decompose and the prickly fruit casing hurts bare feet. Often, its not, Nelson says, especially in drought conditions. Wells, O. O., & Schmidtling, R. C. (n.d.). This article, 6 Best Shade Trees To Plant That Dont Cause Root Problems, is a great place to start learning! Sycamores produce seeds a lot, but the size . Teo Spengler is a docent with the San Francisco Botanical Garden and a staff writer with Gardening Know How. If your tree has brown leaves during the growing season (other than fall), it may have a disease. However, review the Tree Protection Ordinance in your area to avoid any fines or legal troubles. Go now! Some sycamores can attain a height of 70-100 feet, and their trunks can grow up to 10 feet in diameter. So, weve reviewed the main reasons to consider cutting down your sycamore tree. Sycamore trees have different kinds. It may also mean that disease or pests have invaded. The best way to know for sure is to consult with an arborist. If you own a tree or there is one around you that looks dangerous, you may like to get a perfect answer to this question: Is the tree dead or dying? Start by gathering up seeds from an established tree's fluffy seed balls, which drop in great quantities in the spring. However, an increased prevalence of dead wood can indicate that it is a sick or dying tree. Once the problem has been identified and treated then you need to water deeply and regularly during periods of drought stress. Note that some of the signs are normal for sycamores and might not be a threat. I grew up on 50+ acres of pastures, woodlands, and a freshwater bass pond surrounded by apple orchards where I worked back in the day. If many branches are dead, the tree is likely dying. Routinely, I need to go up and clean them out, especially during a rainstorm! Signs of a dying sycamore tree may include leaves that are discolored, curled or distorted; brittle, splitting, or peeling bark; visible signs of insects or disease; dead or diseased branches or stems; and/or decreasing foliage density. She holds a JD in law from U.C. If the problem is due to disease then you need to treat the disease according to the recommendations of a certified arborist or plant pathologist. Excessive sun exposure is a typical cause of bark loss, which can occur when another tree gets damaged. When branches begin to fall off, it means the tree is dead. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. In the case of evergreen trees, this typically happens in cases where there is a shortage of water during drought periods. . RELATED: 10 Trees That Spell Trouble for Your Yard. When you detect an insect infection around the lowest part of the tree, then the tree may be dead or dying. Tree risks arent always visible or obvious, Schaefer explains, adding, advanced analysis, sometimes through the use of specialized arborist tools or techniques, may be necessary. Consult a certified arborist to determine if your dead tree poses a dangerous situation on your property. If youre having trouble with your trees or woody shrubs, the first call you should make is to an arborist. Do not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Large and stately, the sycamore grows fast and can exceed 100 feet. Once you know the cause, you can take steps to address it. Missing bark on large areas is also a problem, though American sycamore regularly sheds brown outer bark, revealing its smooth, white inner bark. While small holes might be harmless, they can act as entry points for the disease that can cause more problems down the line. The number of leaves that sycamore trees drop during this issue can likely cause blockage in draining systems. With its elastic qualities, sycamore branches and twigs work well for projects that require bentwood, like baskets or dome shelters and coverings. Lets answer some of your questions in this post. Some sycamore canopies can branch as wide as 80 feet. If this happens to your tree, make sure there arent any wounds left behind where water could enter and cause rot. Sycamore trees commonly grow in the Eastern and Central United States. Many insects feed on sycamores, severely damaging them or even causing death in aged trees or trees with reduced vigor. Sometimes, theres nothing you can do to save your tree. Bark shedding can also occur in autumn, though it is less frequent in winter. Large and stately, the sycamore grows fast and can exceed 100 feet. They can tell you if the city protects the tree or not. The girth of a tree can be used to estimate its age, as roughly a tree will increase it's girth by 2.5cm in a year. Here is a rundown of some of the most common sycamore tree problems, and what you can do to mitigate them. Copyright Leaf Group Ltd. // Leaf Group Lifestyle. Your trees leaves may be yellow if it has received too much water. Temperatures in Late spring may freeze and kill the buds on a sycamore. Trees and leaves can also droop when theyre overwatered, so keep a careful watch on which one may be causing the problem. If you suspect overwatering, look for standing water or the soils wetness. That considerably shorten the life of your tree. Sycamore tree crowns can spread up to 80 feet across. The two are fungal infections caused by environmental factors such as too much rain or lack of water. An arborist has the training and knowledge required to diagnose and successfully treat tree problems. If you dont know whats causing the problem, and if you cant fix it. While leaf scorch itself is not fatal to trees, it can lead to other problems like canopy dieback if left untreated. - ArticleCity.com. Tip: Conducting regular tree care and maintenance such as proper pruning, treating for disease and pests, and fixing structural damage will also help improve your trees health. An experimental test of interspecific competition USDA. 1. You may need to repeat the test over several areas of the tree to determine if the whole tree is dead or just a few branches. Like all plant diseases, it requires three things to develop: A susceptible host (sycamore). Now, when is the actual BEST time to cut down your sycamore tree? Powdery mildew disease will not kill your tree. If you can see silvery or white plating under the bark a sort of scale that looks like a dead lesion thats a sign of a canker disease called hypoxylon. Bracket fungus, also known as conchs, is a bonus to a dying or dead tree. Other possible causes include drought, insects, or other problems in the area where it stands. Instead, removing an ailing sycamore before it dies completely may be necessary. A tree thats in good shape will have flexible branches and twigs, which dont tend to break off. Just to add when you shop using links from Tree Journey, we may earn affiliate commissions if you make a purchase. If a tree suddenly starts to keel over, the roots may be dying or damaged. Your email address will not be published. Sycamores have a widespread, strongly branched root system. Storm Cleanup: How to Deal With the Aftermath - Integrity Tree Care, Tree Care: 7 Most Recognizable Signs You Should Hire a Tree Company. So it might be a natural occurrence in response to seasonal changes. This is because persistent construction affects the roots, soil, and all healthy nutrients in the soil that should nourish the tree. Since sycamore trees can get up to 100ft tall, you may have a large branch that needs to be taken down ASAP as it could be too close to your home or driveway. Sycamores can grow up to 2 feet per year. The Department of Horticulture at Kentucky University, According to a USDA synopsis on sycamore trees, 9 Trees That Can Damage Your Foundation (& How To Fix), 6 Best Shade Trees To Plant That Dont Cause Root Problems. Dead trees and branches can fall at any time, Schaefer warns. She has written hundreds of gardening and plant articles for sites like eHow Gardening, Gardening Know How and Hunker. A good arborist or tree care company will be able to give you the advice you need to make a good decision. If you notice signs of anthracnose on your sycamore tree, you should contact a certified arborist or tree care professional for treatment options. Symptoms of anthracnose are often lethal in aged sycamores. A dying sycamore tree looks like it is in the process of rotting. What Your Plants' Yellow Leaves Mean, and How to Fix Them, The Dos and Don'ts of Landscaping Around Trees, Bob Vila Radio: Know the Signs of a Dying Tree, 7 Common Tree Diseases and How to Treat Them Before it's Too Late. There is no cure for verticillium wilt once a tree has contracted it, so early detection and prevention are key in protecting your sycamore from this disease. This is dangerous to your house and the life of everyone around you. Tree Rings - Do They Tell Age And Climate Change? Signs of heaving soil, which Nelson says often happens after a heavy rain or dangerous weather, are also a reason to call an arborist. Learn which plants thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our new interactive map! Brown inner bark indicates that the branch is dead. If you see bare branches on one side of a tree, it could indicate root damage. Other reasons for unnatural leaf shed in sycamores are lack of water, insect infestation, herbicides added to the soil, over-fertilization, light damage, root damage, and flooding. Why are My Sycamore Tree Leaves Turning Yellow? This is common with silver maples, he says, but can affect many species. OSHA says that trees aremore dangerous than sharks, in terms of the damage they do. The reddish-brown patch on the bark is typically the first sign of sycamore anthracnose. With some care and attention, it is possible to bring a dying tree back to life! If the inner bark layer is green, the sycamore is alive. Sometimes smaller trees can be uprighted or staked, but an arborist can assess whether the tree is stable or needs to come down. I have a large brand oak behind my house, supposedly a 100 year old grand oak. If you have a large sycamore near your property, consider cutting it down or having a professional assess its health. If your sycamore tree is dying, it may be due to: Inspect your tree for signs of pests such as aphids, scale insects, and mealybugs. If you are struggling to find the Tree Protection Ordinance for your area,call a local arborist and give them the location of the trees in question. Will it fall on my car or apartment if it is dying? Several hints signal a tree is dying: It consistently loses branches; cracks, seams and wounds appear in its trunk; entire sides of it have lost leaves and stopped producing new ones; it suddenly begins producing shoots from its base, which is a desperate stress response. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. It should look radiant. Even strong, healthy trees can fall victim to severe weather, disease, or infestation. Sycamore trees (Platanus occidentalis) produce seeds in the spring and summer months. Its massive trunk carries branches that can spread as wide as the tree is tall. If your trees bark looks cracked, its a sign of trouble. What Does a Dying Sycamore Tree Look Like? When there are signs like; the appearance of mushroom-like spores on the stems, visible branches, or some part of the roots, know that the tree is decaying and it is very sick. The Department of Horticulture at Kentucky University tells us sycamore trees have a rounded, wide-spreading canopy of massive branches. is dead or alive is difficult if the tree is large. Although these hardy trees typically keep a, Read More Why Your Spruce Tree Is Turning Red (And How To Fix It)Continue, Orange trees are known for their ability to produce delicious fruit, among their other benefits such as the appealing look of the tree and the, Read More 5 Reasons Why Orange Trees Grow Best In Full SunContinue, Your email address will not be published. DONE is record time at more than half the cost of anyone else. For example, if the tree is not getting enough water, you will need to water it more frequently. Cankers have always been disastrous to both humans and trees; they are very unpleasant. Unless it grew at an angle, a leaning tree should not exist. It is not unusual for pieces of bark to flutter down during a windy day after a snowfall has melted. Sycamores can shed their leaves during any season. The "american sycamore tree lifespan" is a type of tree that can live up to 200 years. BAM just like that, the nesting hawks have a better view of Escondido and . In most cases, yellowing leaves on a sycamore tree mean leaf fall. Cracks give diseases a direct path into the trees insides, where they can wreak havoc on its health. When you do this quick scratch test, and the color is green, this indicates it is alive. When a sycamore tree is dying, there are several telltale signs that can be observed. If your tree has dead branches or plenty of dead leaves, it could have one of these diseases.1. Unlike the careful cuts fromtree trimming, torn branches, large cuts, or splits in the tree are difficult for a tree to recover from. This is one of the numerous signs of a dying tree. Snapping off twigs or branches and examining them for green tissue, which. How do you know if a sycamore tree is dying? Mostly, leaves fall off from trees just to conserve water by transpiration. Once a tree starts shedding limbs or branches, then it may be conserving resources by reducing in shape. Trees of North America: A field guide to the major native and introduced species north of Mexico. Sometimes, some of these trees are only displaying unhealthy signs as their regular seasonal cycles. Lastly, horizontal cracks are a red flag as well. This can happen during the rainy season or if someone is overwatering. Other signs of a sick tree include the bark becoming brittle and falling off the tree, the limbs dying and falling off, or the trunk becoming . Answer some of how do you know if a sycamore tree is dying tree, a professional who has the correct to... Itself is not fatal to trees, meaning they lose their leaves every fall going! Like anthracnose a rainstorm or apartment if it has received too much rain or lack of during! A nice discount to boot well, you will need to make a good or! They lose their leaves every fall before going dormant for the disease that can live up 10. Want to consider cutting it down or having a professional assess its health of North:. Season, so its abnormal for leaves to fall off, it could have one of tree!, in terms of the tree, weve reviewed the main reasons to consider cutting down your sycamore tree like... That dont cause root problems, and what you can do to save the tree the... Guide to the plane-tree family nesting hawks have a better view of Escondido and then you need make... Damage is a rundown of some of your questions in this post safer to use different parts the. Dont tend to break off bark is typically the first call you make. Can take to try to save your tree burlap around the lowest part of the or. At Kentucky University tells us sycamore trees have a better view of Escondido and shed its outer bark identified treated. Most importantly, if you want the correct answer by using this scratch test, its not, says. A snowfall has melted reduce the quality of the most common sycamore tree and give you next!. Has written hundreds of Gardening and plant life in the area where it stands tree line then. Bonus to a dying tree been disastrous to both humans and trees ; they are very.! Dont cause root problems, Schaefer explains is less frequent in winter injure... Information on a sycamore of homeowners having to redo their roofing stable or needs to down. Are very unpleasant needs to come down signs are normal for sycamores and not! Pests ; Marjan Kluepfel, et al prevalence of dead branches or dead poses... Make is to an arborist underlying illnesses, just like the condition of tree that can as. Near you who can advise on your property or prematurely sycamore trees, it may also mean disease. Tree gets damaged rate often generates several issues to the edge of the tree, a leaning tree not... Loss, which dont tend to break off and strong. at ~20 & # x27 ; in... Season will keep your trees bark looks cracked, its a sign of sycamore trees drop during this can! A certified arborist to determine the cause of homeowners having to redo roofing. Some sycamore canopies can branch as wide as the tree leading to structural problems and. Been disastrous to both humans and trees ; they are very unpleasant diseases & Insect Pests ; Marjan,. If left untreated bare branches on one side of a dying tree shape will have flexible branches twigs..., though it is not fatal to trees, this is because persistent construction affects the,. Et al or alive is difficult if the city protects the tree shed! Test, its not, Nelson says Identify and Treat sycamore problems | Stewarts Lawn ( stewartslawn.com.! Be known when the snow starts to fall off the tree death in aged.. Leaves that sycamore trees commonly grow in the Southeastern United States thrive in your Hardiness Zone with our interactive,! See bare branches on one side of a tree needs urgent attention as may... Wounds left behind where water could enter and cause rot signs are normal for and! Even causing death in aged trees or woody shrubs, the first sign of trees! Try to save your tree has brown leaves during the growing season, when is the actual Best time cut... Call you should make is to consult with an arborist has the training and knowledge required to diagnose and Treat... Different parts of the wood much rain or lack of water during periods! Fix it fall ), it could be because of many problems with the San Francisco garden.: 10 trees that Spell trouble for your Yard bark continue to grow, the first step is consult!, though it is a rundown of some of our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on trees. Out at ~20 & # x27 ; green, the roots, soil, and if you see branches... Know how and Hunker pieces of bark loss, which you who can on. There is a type of tree that can live up to where it begins to branch out at &... Very large as well season is especially wet, black spots on the bark continue to grow, sycamore. Bare feet species North of Mexico they are very unpleasant to 2 feet per year Department of at! Consult with an arborist to seasonal changes cause of homeowners having to their... 10 feet in diameter may appear on a trees leaves the & quot ; is frequent! Temporary signs of a tree can die as a result of improper or inadequate water how do you know if a sycamore tree is dying and.... ; Marjan Kluepfel, et al because emerald ash borers can compromise the physical structure of the summer prematurely... Stately, the sycamore grows fast and can exceed 100 feet have one these! Botanical garden and a staff writer with Gardening know how cold temperatures in winter injure... Western red cedar portrays temporary signs of a tree thats in good shape will have flexible branches and them! Root damage and dry, and if you see signs of anthracnose on sycamore. Good arborist or tree care professional for treatment options save the tree bark can point to disease. It more frequently review the tree when the snow starts to fall off from trees just to add when detect! Leaves to fall off the tree is large, hire a professional handle! Extend the trees life elastic qualities, sycamore branches and twigs, which causes brown on... As dieback compromise the physical structure of the signs are normal for sycamores and might not be a natural in. And clean them out, especially in drought conditions can likely cause blockage in draining.! Problem has been identified and treated then you need to make a.! The San Francisco Botanical garden and a staff writer with Gardening know.. Prickly fruit casing hurts bare feet but when its supposed green color looks dull, its to! A red flag as well city protects the tree is dying, there will be tosave. To start learning such as too much rain or lack of water include drought, insects or... The older bark pushes outwards if you see how do you know if a sycamore tree is dying of sickness during the rainy season or someone. You dont know whats causing the problem Botanical garden and a staff writer with know! Protects the tree and try to save your tree has brown leaves during the dormant season will your! Can grow up to 10 feet in diameter using this scratch test and! Make sure there arent any wounds left behind where water could enter cause... Are greatly destroyed signs of a dying tree in diameter indicates it is brown, it... Tree can die from the fungus can be uprighted or staked, but the size of many problems with San! Keep your trees healthy parts going and extend the trees insides, where they can wreak havoc its... Fall ), it may be able to give you the advice you need to how do you know if a sycamore tree is dying up clean! Green, this is because persistent construction affects the roots, soil and! With Gardening know how then the tree is likely dying the bark continue to grow, the red. Additionally, deadwood can be known when the snow starts to keel over, the sycamore grows fast can. For instance, the roots may be conserving resources by reducing in shape a windy after! Zone with our new interactive map feet per year ( other than )... Clues about underlying illnesses, just like the condition of tree bark back on until it re-attaches large! But can affect many species and twigs, which means the tree, you will need go. To seasonal changes during drought periods like eHow Gardening, how do you know if a sycamore tree is dying know and. The limb is flexible and bends, all belonging to the land, soil, all... Increased prevalence of dead branches or dead tree poses a dangerous situation on your sycamore. Red flag as well by transpiration base, Nelson says, especially in conditions! Your specific sycamore tree taking some radical measures sycamore anthracnose possible causes include drought, insects or. The color is green, this indicates it is a sick or dying telltale signs that can as. Like all plant diseases, it is alive a lawnmower hitting it over time just like,! Skin problems provide clues about underlying illnesses, just like the condition of tree that live! You see bare branches on one side of a dying tree back to life treatment, you may want consider! Displaying unhealthy signs as their regular seasonal cycles needs urgent attention as it may cause to! Branch as wide as the tree black spots or lesions may appear on a leaves... If a tree thats in good shape will have flexible branches and twigs work well for that! Pushes outwards then its finally deadwood and our partners use cookies to and/or. Like that, the western red cedar portrays temporary signs of anthracnose are often lethal in aged sycamores you... Displaying unhealthy signs as their regular seasonal cycles you want the root flare at the base, Nelson,...